OMG, you said noob and totally reminded me of my brother, he says that to everyone about everything - lol!
Anyways, I can't answer everything, but I am sure between all of us we will cover everything
You can't really treat the bleeding after the m/c like a cycle, and determining when you will get AF again is pretty difficult. The only way to really tell when you O after a loss is to test, which would be very expensive. I have already forgotten, did you naturally m/c. If you had a D&C or D&E, they typically say you can expect to see AF about 4-8 weeks after the procedure. I got mine at about 4 weeks both times. The docs will typically say to wait 2 to 3 cycles before TTC again, but I can tell you from experience, we waited for my first AF and then we got pg right away with my last loss, we went on to have a healthy DD. I am not planning on waiting this time either. I am about CD 5 and as soon as AF goes away, I am off and TTC again!
I don't know much about the thyroid, so I won't try to answer that one

Nor do I know much about progesterone, but I know many of these ladies have or are taking it, so they should be able to help!
As far as additional advice, your body may not be exactly the same at all, so don't expect to feel the same symptoms during AF as you used to, that isn't to say that you won't, but don't get freaked out if something is different, it happens, might be for the better, might be the same, symptoms, such as cramping may be worse, there is no telling, but the good thing is that the body is resilient, patience (as hard as it is in a time like this) is your best friend!
Oh and have fun TTC when you do start