A lot of my "quick" meals require some planning ahead. I have to have stuff thawed or pre-cooked (like meats) in order to speed things up.
Taco soup is one (cooked hamburger, chicken or turkey), corn, sometimes beans, canned diced tomatoes (or puree for us), taco seasoning, ranch seasoning. That takes 20 minutes or so depending on whether the meat is already cooked or not, or cooked (and frozen).
Spaghetti - I make my own sauce but even then supper is on the table in about 30 minutes, with salad and garlic bread. I do have to plan ahead with that though, too; I keep meat and rolls in the freezer to use and I have to get them out to thaw.
Shepherd's pie can be quick if you use a lot of convenience items - my version basically involves cooked meat, canned veggies, gravy packets, shredded cheese and instant mashed potatoes (real if you feel so inclined - more time, though). It takes about 30 minutes for me to get it on the table if the meat is at least thawed and everything is ready in convenience form.
During the summer - the grill is my BEST friend. I can cook up meats in a fraction of the time I can in the house. Grilled filleted chicken breasts (which I usually freeze in various marinades), salad and baked potatoes (microwave) are one of our favorite summer meals, and *usually* ready in 20-25 minutes. Steaks grill up pretty quick too, or a vegetarian meal of mushrooms and veggie skewers.
Taco salad - bagged salad, good seasons Italian dressing or sweet french dressing, taco meat (your choice - I make with hamburger or heat leftover cooked poultry with some taco seasoning and a little water), cheese, maybe salsa or chopped tomato, sour cream, tortilla chips. Super quick, tasty, and easily molded to different tastes. Easy to fancy up or down. That's 10-15 minutes, especially with convenience foods (and honestly - with some planning - you can make your own).
Individual meatloaves - can be ready in about half an hour, just mix up your favorite, make little loaves (I use an amount for a large meatball and shape it into a "loaf"), top with a sauce (taco sauce, salsa, bbq sauce, ketchup, spaghetti sauce, whatever), and bake at 400 for about 20-25 minutes. You can cook some rice and a veggie in that same time.
Mock swedish meatballs - you'd be surprised how quick this comes together. Make up your favorite meatball mix, pop into the oven in small (inch) meatballs, those should cook up in about 15 minutes at 400 or 20 at 350-375. Cook some noodles and make a sauce with either brown gravy mix, hunter sauce mix, or mushroom gravy mix (use 25% less water than called for) and then add 1/4 cup sour cream for ever packet of gravy mix you use. Very tasty and on the table in about 30 minutes.
There are more but that's what I've got right now. 30 minutes is what I tend to think of as a fast food meal, because it's about the same amount of time it would take to go to McDonald's and back, and it's less time than it takes to order a pizza or other delivery. Anything faster is just a bonus.